RELATED July 03, 2025 Partnership for Public Service’s public comments on OPM’s “Suitability and Fitness” proposed rule June 23, 2025 Mad Money: The public believes the Trump administration’s cuts to the federal government will harm the U.S. economy and make the country less safe June 23, 2025 Public Service Leadership Model Pocket Guide Back to Reports The Replacements: Why and How “Acting” Officials Are Making Senate Confirmation Obsolete September 23, 2020 The Constitution vests responsibility for filling federal leadership positions in both the president and the Senate — the president nominates officials for key posts, and the Senate provides “advice and consent.” But in recent years, presidents have found it increasingly easy to sidestep this process altogether and to install temporary, “acting” officials in place of Senate-confirmed leaders. This report examines the prevalence of vacancies and temporary officials in Senate-confirmed positions, the use of acting officials and the reasons the nomination and confirmation process has broken down. This report also includes specific recommendations to address the prevalence of temporary officials, fix broken processes and improve accountability. Download (631k)